Concept of the Fourth
World in Culture & Literature
Whenever
the terminology extends to geographical territories and spheres in literary
concepts, it’s bound to lead to some geo-political concepts. World itself
reflects territory. Territory leads to reign. Reign leads to eco-political
aspects and eco-political aspects relate to society. Thus the word World imbibes in it socio-economic-geo-political
issues. Without missing the adjective Fourth,
here, one has to differentiate it with the First,
Second and Third worlds. To the students of literature it’s slightly difficult
to engage the term without questioning like what other three worlds are,
because literary world is divided upon pure geographical entities of literature like British, Indian, Canadian, American, Russian, Sub-continental, Asian etc. and at the most to theoretical surfaces like Modern, Post-modern, Renaissance, Victorian etc.
To
reach to the Fourth world one must be
conceptually clear about the First three world as the stand for.
After World War II the world split into two large
geopolitical blocs and spheres of influence with contrary views on government
and the politically correct society:
1 - The bloc of democratic-industrial countries within the American influence sphere, the "First World".
2 - The Eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, the "Second World".
3 - The remaining three-quarters of the world's population, states not aligned with either bloc were regarded as the "Third World."
4 - The term "Fourth World", coined in the early 1970s by Shuswap Chief George Manuel, refers to widely unknown nations (cultural entities) of indigenous peoples, "First Nations" living within or across national state boundaries.
1 - The bloc of democratic-industrial countries within the American influence sphere, the "First World".
2 - The Eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, the "Second World".
3 - The remaining three-quarters of the world's population, states not aligned with either bloc were regarded as the "Third World."
4 - The term "Fourth World", coined in the early 1970s by Shuswap Chief George Manuel, refers to widely unknown nations (cultural entities) of indigenous peoples, "First Nations" living within or across national state boundaries.
(http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm)
While the three world concept came in 1952,
the Fourth world concept was introduced in 1970. The
term is does not to relate to some theory of state or philosophy, but of
culture.
Hence
the Fourth world relates to those, who have an
ethnic identity even within first, second and third world. The ethnicity is not
necessarily is that of the subject only. Any cultural issue starting from
language, clothing, thought, race, rituals, religion, caste, gender, economic
condition, social status, or politically ignored identities like Tribes and Red
Indians may be the keepers of this definition. In fact, to create a meaningful space among the prominent and powerful identities, Fourth World became a wider umbrella whenever the need arose. Thus it is found in social, cultural, political, territorial, sectarian, diaspora, regional and almost all deprived scenario. Today, for convenience sake a number of groups are included under the term Fourth World who appear to be at the margin of the society. Who are still in a journey towards center. Who are striving to create a place in the main stream. This is equally true to all spheres of a nation and society wherever they are treated with discrimination. Among them Literature is just one of the sources to voice their identity.
Fourth world
literature would mean
literatures written about
and by the
oppressed, poor, underprivileged and
marginal people of
any nation. For
example the feminine writings
of the Third World
and the writings
by the women
of the Third World
are also included
in the Fourth world
literature. Some of
the important issues
dealt with are
social expulsion and
discord, racial discrimination, injustice,
untouchability, colonization etc.
For the oppressed,
poor and the
underprivileged people of
any nation, writing
was a tool
through which they
could express the
injustice, discrimination and
cruelty meted out
towards them. This
kind of writing
can be defined
as the Fourth
World literature. For
example, the Dalit
and Tribal literature
of India, the
Igbo literature of
Nigeria, aboriginal writings from Australia and
the Black literature
belong to the
Fourth World category
of literature.
The colonization and the elite
divide in society have resulted into the cultural differences in society
affecting individuals of the country. The struggle between the traditional and imposed
First world cultures left the marginal people in a sort of a no man’s land. They
did not understand whether to continue with their traditional culture or to
start accepting the other one. Neither of these situations did justice to their
identities. The literature became a tool via language through which these
writers in their novels reflected the contemporary society and the
contradictory forces of foreign culture and indigenous culture and values. The writings
show how these ethnic groups were caught between resisting and embracing the
change. They were caught in the dilemma of determining how far to adapt to the
reality or change. One of the solutions led to accepting the positive aspects
of both, but the so called first world tendencies would not allow them make
their space in the midst of accepted so called developed genre.
The second world too had closets
and the ethnic identities suffocated in their plights which were resulting
in their social oppression by their own countrymen. Thus the fourth world
writings are the attempt to
create their own space , without encroaching others, but at the same time
creating louder noises which were difficult to be ignored. The primary aim might be any: from
creating a social space to poking a sleeping State, from giving a call to the
larger society to lining up brilliance in marginal society and from inviting
the like minded to leading to a lobby. The Fourth world writers used literature
as a platform to display their own culture; different political, social and
religious facets of their community. Literature is also used by the Igbo
writers to show the injustices and cruelty meted out to them by the colonial
minded rulers, and also to break down the misconceptions that the other
countries and cultures have about them being uncultured, primitive and a
continent full of mindless savages.
The
Fourth world writers have presented a very diverse and impressive body of work
despite of the many challenges they were faced with. Themes of Ethos, Spirituality,
Marriage and Gender Equations, Politics rule high in these writings. Literary
Attributes are frequent like rich oral shackled with colonial history, rules,
principles and values those are at variance with the ethnic ethos. These
writers have established an identity in style, culture and linguistic
experimentation, through their works. The tradition is characterized by
linguistic innovation which can be classified under the seven categories: Loan
words, coinages, loan-blends, translation equivalents, semantic extension, and
colloquialisms.